2024-2025 Psychiatric Pharmacotherapy Review Book | American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists (AAPP)

The Psychiatric Pharmacotherapy Review Book is designed for use by individuals preparing to sit for the Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacist (BCPP) examination. AAPP surveys show that at least 90% of successful BCPP candidates purchase the Review Book as their primary study tool. One hundred percent of survey respondents indicate that the Review Book was their primary study resource and a key tool to their certification success.

The Book Contains:

Comprehensive outlines, written as individual chapters, of the most common psychiatric and neurologic conditions tested for in the BCPP exam.
Consistently formatted chapters that include objectives, thorough content, comprehensive reference listings, and self-assessment questions with answer justifications.
An e-book version of the book hosted VitalSource Bookshelf, a leading e-textbook solution. This e-book version allows you to take electronic notes as well as download the book to your desktop or mobile device for off line access. The pricing above reflects the cost for the digital version of the book. There is an additional fee for shipping a hard copy of the book and this option can be selected upon check-out.

To maintain its strict, independent standards for certification, BPS does NOT develop, endorse, or support review information, preparatory courses, or study guides.

Target Audience

The Psychiatric Pharmacotherapy Review Book is designed for three primary audiences:

It serves as a preparatory book for pharmacists preparing to sit for the BCPP examination.
It offers a review of current evidence-based pharmacotherapy for psychiatric and neurologic conditions for BCPP certified pharmacists seeking BCPP recertification credit (purchase here).
It serves as an educational tool for other healthcare providers on current evidence-based pharmacotherapy for psychiatric and neurologic conditions.

NOTE: The Psychiatric Pharmacotherapy Review Book is a two-year product released at the start of even years (2024, 2026...).

Learning Objectives

Topic
Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders (2 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-002-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Robin Hieber, PharmD, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
Biostatistics and Research Design in Psychiatry (2.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-003-H04-P (Knowledge) Author: Ryan Carnahan, PharmD, MS, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe study designs (including meta-analysis and systemic review), including strengths and weaknesses, and types of bias present in each type, including funding source. Describe appropriateness of the study design for research questions and hypotheses, including the choice of descriptive or inferential analysis, and use of intention to treat. Explain key epidemiologic concepts: incidence, prevalence, relative risk, odds ratio, relative and absolute risk reduction, and number needed to treat and harm. Explain the different types of error and how to reduce each type, including the effect of sample size on error and power. Describe different types of data, which statistical tests can be used for each type, groups being used, and the relationship between groups. Describe different ways to report and interpret statistical and clinical significance of a study based on effect measures, p-values, and confidence intervals, including in survival analyses such as the Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression. Outline the differences between noninferiority and traditional hypothesis testing trials. Describe the differences between internal and external validity. Contrast pharmacoeconomic evaluation methods commonly applied to pharmacy practice in today's healthcare settings, including the different outcomes, analysis perspectives, and reporting measures that are employed by each method. Describe the process of using a systematic approach to critically evaluating the literature, including assessing level of evidence and journal impact factor.
Bipolar Disorder (1.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-004-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Jeremy Daniel, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for bipolar disorder, including the list of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for bipolar disorder. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of bipolar disorder. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of bipolar disorder. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in bipolar disorder. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for bipolar disorder. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of bipolar disorder in special populations (i.e., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with bipolar disorder.
Depression (1.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-005-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Sarah Grady, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for depression, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen depression. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of depression. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of depression. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in depression. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for depression. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of depression in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with depression. Explain the components of suicide risk assessment. Describe the determination of levels of suicide risk.
Introduction to Psychiatric Pharmacy (0.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-001-H04-P (Knowledge) Author: Carol Ott, PharmD, BCPP, Chris Paxos, PharmD, BCPP, BCPS, BCGP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Identify social and cultural norms that can impact therapeutic outcomes. List the essential components of the psychiatric interview. Explain the role of the psychiatric interview in the collection of health and medication history. Explain the rationale for collection of collateral information by the treatment team. Describe the features of care coordination and transitional care models of care and the role of the pharmacist in these processes. Identify principles and methods for educating health care professionals. Identify principles and methods for educating patients and the public. Explain procedures for assessing the effectiveness of education of patients and the public. Identify principles of health literacy. Outline principles, processes and measures for measuring the effectiveness of psychiatric pharmacy services. Outline known disparities in psychotropic medication use on the basis of ethnicity, gender/gender identity, and geographic location. Identify pharmacist practice models that address known gaps in care of psychiatric disorders. Identify methods to provide and assess medication education to patients, families, and caregivers in individual and group sessions, and improve adherence.
Neurocognitive Disorders (1 ACPE hour) ACPE #0284-0000-24-006-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Andrew Williams, PharmD, BCPP, BCGP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for neurocognitive disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the symptoms of neurocognitive disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of neurocognitive disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of neurocognitive disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in neurocognitive disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for neurocognitive disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with neurocognitive disorders.
Neurodevelopmental, Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders (1 ACPE hour) ACPE #0284-0000-24-007-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Sandra Mullen, PharmD, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for these disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Recognize the behavioral phenotypes, major medical complications, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical course, and drug therapy treatment options for patients with the following syndromes: Down Syndrom Prader-Willi Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Klinefelter’s Syndrome Rett's Syndrome Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.
Neurologic Disorders (2.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-008-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Kimberly Tallian, PharmD, APH, BCPP, FASHP, FCCP, FCSHP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for neurologic disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for neurologic disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of neurologic disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of neurologic disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, boxed warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in neurologic disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for neurologic disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of neurologic disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with neurologic disorders.
Personality Disorders and Eating Disorders (0.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-009-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Lindsey Miller, PharmD, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for personality disorders and eating disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for personality disorders and eating disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of personality disorders and eating disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of personality disorders and eating disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in personality disorders and eating disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for personality disorders and eating disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of personality disorders and eating disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly patients). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with personality disorders and eating disorders.
Regulatory Issues in Pharmacy Practice (2 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-010-H04-P (Knowledge) Author: Michele Thomas, PharmD, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the P&T Committee, formulary management, medication use evaluation (MUE), and the MUE process from identification of drug to development and implementation of protocols or guidelines. Outline a plan to start a new service or evaluate a current service using the performance improvement cycle. Outline a program to monitor and prevent medication misadventures. Recognize the Joint Commission standards related to pharmacy practice in psychiatric settings. Describe the use of State Operations Manual F-tags in the pharmacologic management of psychiatric disorders in long-term care facilities. Explain the basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report and its relationship to human subject research and clinical practice. Describe the roles of the institutional review board, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and Office for Human Research Protections in research that impact patients with psychiatric illness. Describe the role of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in the reimbursement process for healthcare, including pharmacy. Describe steps to be taken for compliance with the Drug Supply Chain Security Act. Describe the safe handling of hazardous medications in psychiatric settings as defined by USP General Chapter <800>. Apply principles of professional ethics to the issue of medication administration in patients that lack capacity to provide consent. Describe the characteristics of prescription drug monitoring programs. Discuss the evidence for the effectiveness of prescription drug monitoring programs. Describe disease surveillance and the national and international reporting agencies. Define collaborative practice agreements and the common components of their regulations. State the roles of professionals involved in collaborative practice agreements and strategies for developing agreements. Describe resources available to pharmacists for the development of collaborative practice agreements.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders (2 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-011-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Charles Caley, PharmD, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders, including the lists of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen symptoms for these disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and practice implications for schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum, other psychotic disorders, and movement disorders. Describe provider behaviors and responses, environmental responses, and de-escalation techniques useful for calming agitated patients.
Sleep-Wake Disorders (1.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-012-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Megan Maroney, PharmD, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for sleep-wake disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for sleep-wake disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of sleep-wake disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of sleep-wake disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions [including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for drugs used in sleep-wake disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for sleep-wake disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of sleep-wake disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly patients). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with sleep-wake disorders.
Substance-Related Disorders (1.5 ACPE hours) ACPE #0284-0000-24-013-H01-P (Knowledge) Author: Erika Titus-Lay, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP Learning Objectives At the end of this program, the participant should be able to: Describe the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology for substance-related disorders, including the listing of medications, substances, and diseases that can cause or worsen the psychiatric symptoms for substance-related disorders. Explain the use of common rating scales for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of substance-related disorders. Discuss the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options (including natural products, if applicable) in the acute and long-term management of substance-related disorders. Outline the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties (if applicable), adverse events, significant drug interactions, and warnings/precautions (including medical comorbidities, black box warnings, and REMS programs) and withdrawal symptoms for substances used in substance-related disorders. Describe treatment guidelines and landmark clinical trials, including study design, strengths and weaknesses, and implications for practice for substance-related disorders. Select an evidence-based drug therapy regimen (drug, dose, schedule, and duration of therapy) for stabilizing symptoms and preventing relapse given the clinical presentation of a specific patient. Outline a plan for monitoring and managing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Describe the management of substance-related disorders in special populations (e.g., pregnancy/lactation, children, and elderly). Identify essential information to discuss during patient education about medication therapy and organizations that advocate and provide resources for individuals with substance-related disorders.

Continuing Education Credit and Disclosures

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View planning committee disclosures

2024-2025 Editorial Board

Beth DeJongh, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP

Director of Continuing Professional Development

American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists Lincoln, NE

No Relevant Financial Relationships to Disclose

Megan J. Ehret, PharmD, BCPP, MS

Professor

Associate Professor

Monrovia, MD

External Consultant Activities, Advisory Panels, Speakers Bureaus, etc.: Saladex Biomedical Consultant, Lexi-Comp Consultant/Reviewer, SMI Adviser; Pharmacist Consultant

Educational Grants, Research Grants or Contracts: FDA/University of Maryland CERSI, Maryland Behavioral Health Department, NIH

Clayton D. English, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP, BCGP

Assistant Professor

University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Non-Financial Interests: Drug Utilization Review Board-Vermont State Medicaid, Board Member

Stephanie Nichols, PharmD, MPH, BCPP, BCPS, FCCP

Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice

University of New England

Portland, ME

External Consultant Activities, Advisory Panels, Speakers Bureaus, etc.: I am a member of the New England Public Advisory Council (affiliated with the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review)., I am a consultant for SAMHSA grant funded Opioid Response Network.

Educational Grants, Research Grants or Contracts: I am contracted as a subject matter expert for multiple Project ECHO communities in Northern New England that focus on OUD, AUD, and psychiatric conditions in older adults. These are hosted by the University of New Hampshire system., I am contracted as a SME for the Support for ME (Maine) SUD grant funded provider education and support program

Non-Financial Interests: Maine Independent Clinical Information Service Academic Detailing Advisory Committee, Member of the Maine's Gubernatorial Opioid Response Clinical Advisory Committee, Member of the Lunder-Dineen Time to Ask (about unhealthy drinking) Advisory Committee, Member of the Board of Directors of the Co-Occurring Collaborative Serving Maine, Member of the Maine Medical Professionals Health Program Advisory Committee, Chair of the Maine Prescription Monitoring Program Advisory Committee

Carol A. Ott, PharmD, MPH, BCPP

Clinical Professor of Pharmacy Practice

Purdue University/Eskenazi Health

Indianapolis, IN

External Consultant Activities, Advisory Panels, Speakers Bureaus, etc.: Project ECHO - Indiana University - Opioid Use Disorders - Expert Panelist, Tippecanoe County (Indiana) Public Defender's Office - case consultation, Psychopharmacology Consultation Team - Indiana University - Department of Child Services, Wolters-Kluwer/Lexi-Comp

Educational grants: SAMHSA

Non-Financial Interests: Indiana Medicaid Drug Utilization Review (DUR) Board, Indiana Medicaid Mental Health Quality Advisory Committee (MHQAC), NAMI West Central Indiana

Chris Paxos, BCGP, BCPP, BCPS

Professor, Pharmacy Practice

Northeast Ohio Medical University

Rootstown, OH

No Relevant Financial Relationships to Disclose

All relevant relationships have been mitigated.

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Off-Label Use: This educational activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not indicated by the FDA (see faculty information). The opinions expressed in the educational activity do not necessarily represent the views of AAPP and any educational partners. Please refer to the official prescribing information for each product for discussion of approved indications, contraindications, and warnings.

Disclaimer: Participants have an implied responsibility to use the newly acquired information to enhance patient outcomes and their own professional development. Any procedures, medications, or other courses of diagnosis or treatment discussed or suggested in this activity should not be used by clinicians without evaluation of their patient’s conditions and possible contraindications on dangers in use, review of any applicable manufacturer’s product information, and comparison with recommendations of other authorities. Please refer to the official prescribing information for each product for discussion of approved indications, contraindications, and warnings.

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Any person who may contribute to the content of this continuing education activity must disclose significant relationships (and any known relationships of their spouse/partner) with commercial companies whose products or services are discussed in this activity. Significant relationships include receiving from a commercial company research grants, consultant fees, travel, other benefits, or having a self-managed equity interest in a company.

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It is the policy of AAPP to ensure independence, balance, objectivity, scientific rigor, and integrity in continuing education activities. Those involved in the development of this continuing education activity have made all reasonable efforts to ensure that information contained herein is accurate in accordance with the latest available scientific knowledge at the time of accreditation of this continuing education activity. Information regarding drugs (e.g., their administration, dosages, contraindications, adverse reactions, interactions, special warnings, and precautions) and drug delivery systems is subject to change, however, and the reader is advised to check the manufacturer’s package insert for information concerning recommended dosage and potential problems or cautions prior to dispensing or administering the drug or using the drug delivery systems.

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