Psychiatric Pharmacy Essentials: Clozapine Prescribing & Management of Clozapine-Induced Adverse Effects

Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic often reserved for use in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Clozapine is associated with severe neutropenia (previously called agranulocytosis), which requires stringent laboratory monitoring and reporting to an online Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) website. Despite its unique effectiveness, compliance to laboratory monitoring requirements and its substantial adverse effect profile may limit clozapine usage. Because clozapine remains a gold-standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, it is imperative that psychiatric pharmacists understand all aspects of clozapine-related care. The following questions will need to be answered properly to serve as advocates for appropriate clozapine use and as information resources for providers and patients:

  • How should clozapine be appropriately monitored and how do I report or check lab values?1-3
  • How should clozapine-induced blood dyscrasias be managed?2,4-7
  • Aside from blood dyscrasias, what are the most common clozapine-induced adverse effects to educate patients and providers about, monitor for, and intervene on?8-12
  • What are some strategies for providing this education?13
  • Can patients who have experienced serious clozapine-induced toxicities be re-challenged with clozapine?14,15
  • Where can I find a compilation of documents that provide assistance in the management of clozapine patients?16
  • How should clozapine monitoring be managed in pandemic scenarios when physical contact must be limited?17

Reviewer 1: Austin Smith, PharmD, BCPP
Reviewer 2: Megan Sarashinsky, PharmD, BCPP
2023-2024 AAPP Resident and New Practitioner Committee

References

  1. Clozapine Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) [Weblink]
  2. Clozapine and the Risk of Neutropenia: A Guide for Pharmacists. Clozapine REMS website. [Weblink]
  3. RDA Fact Sheet for Outpatient Pharmacies. Clozapine REMS website. [Weblink]
  4. Ojong M, Allen SN. Management and prevention of agranulocytosis in patients receiving clozapine. Ment Health Clin. 2013;3(3):139-43. [Weblink]
  5. Deardorff OG, Ripperger KD. Clozapine-induced neutropenia: A review of lithium and other currently available options. Ment Health Clin. 2012;2(1):5- 7. DOI: 10.9740/mhc.n110673.
  6. J de With SA, Pulit SL, Staal WG, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA. More than 25 years of genetic studies of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Pharmacogenomics J. 2017;17(4):304–11. [PubMed]
  7. Myles N, Myles H, Clark SR, Bird R, Siskind D. Use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to prevent recurrent clozapine-induced neutropenia on drug rechallenge: A systematic review of the literature and clinical recommendations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(10):980-989. DOI: 10.1177/0004867417720516. PubMed PMID: 28747065.
  8. Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Saklad SR. A guide to the management of clozapine-related tolerability and safety concerns. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2016;10(3):163-77. [PubMed]
  9. Curto M, Giardi N, Lionetto L, Ciavarella GM, Ferracuti S, Baldessarini RJ.  Systemic review of clozapine cardiotoxicity.  Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:68. [Pubmed]
  10. Zimbron J, Khandaker GM, Toschi C, Jones PB, Fernandez-Egea E. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of treatments for clozapine-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(9): 1353-65. [PubMed].
  11. Fowler JA. Clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility: More than just constipation. Ment Health Clin. 2011;1(5):92- 93. DOI: 10.9740/mhc.n87491.
  12. Williams AM, Park SH. Seizure associated with clozapine: incidence, etiology, and management. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(2):101-11. DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0222-y. PubMed PMID: 25537107.
  13. Verdoux H, Quiles C. Educational needs and psychoeducation interventions in clozapine users: a narrative review. Acta Psychr Scand. 2020;142(2): 96-108. [PubMed]
  14. Silva E, Higgins M, Hammer B, Stephenson P. Clozapine rechallenge and initiation despite neutropenia- a practical, step-by-step guide. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):279. [PubMed]
  15. Shivakumar G, Thomas N, Sollychin M, et. al. Protocol for clozapine rechallenge in a case of clozapine-induced myocarditis. Can J Psychiatry 2020;65(7):448-53. [PubMed]
  16. Leung JG, Deardorff GO, Trout M, Hieber R. Clozapine in practice: A toolkit. CPNP 2022. [Weblink]
  17. Gee S, Gaughran F, MacCabe J, Shergill S, Whiskey E, Taylor D. Management of clozapine treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020;10:2045125320928167. [PubMed]