Issue Brief: Psychiatric Pharmacists Increase Access to Care for Children and Adolescents

Download this issue brief as a PDF to save and print.

References are located at the bottom of this page.

References

  1. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. O’Connell, T. Boat, & K. E. Warner Eds. Washington, DC: the National Academic Press, 2009.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children’s Mental Health: Improving Access to Care. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/access.html#ref
  3. Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. Jama Pediatr. 5th edth ed. 2021;175(11):1142-1150. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482. PubMed PMID: 34369987; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8353576.
  4. American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP-AACAP-CHA Declaration of a National Emergency in Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2021. https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/child-and-adolescent-healthy-mental-development/aap-aacap-cha-declaration-of-a-national-emergency-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health/
  5. HHS Press Office. U.S. Surgeon General Issues Advisory on Youth Mental Health Crisis Further Exposed by COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2021/12/07/us-surgeon-general-issues-advisory-on-youth-mental-health-crisis-further-exposed-by-covid-19-pandemic.html
  6. Saidinejad M, Duffy S, Wallin D, Hoffmann JA, Joseph MM, Uhlenbrock JS, et al. The Management of Children and Youth With Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Emergencies. Pediatrics. 2023;152(3). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-063255. PubMed PMID: 37584147.
  7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Surgeon General. Social Media and Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory. Washington, DC: HHS; 2023. Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/sg-youth-mental-health-social-media-advisory.pdf.
  8. Edbrooke-Childs J, Deighton J. Problem severity and waiting times for young people accessing mental health services. Bjpsych Open. 2020;6(6):e118. DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.103. PubMed PMID: 33040766; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7576668.
  9. National Institute of Mental Health. Mental Health Information: Suicide. 2022. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide
  10. Hoffmann JA, Attridge MM, Carroll MS, Simon N-JE, Beck AF, Alpern ER. Association of Youth Suicides and County-Level Mental Health Professional Shortage Areas in the US. Jama Pediatr. 2023;177(1):71-80. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4419. PubMed PMID: 36409484; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9679958.
  11. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593. PubMed PMID: 15939837.
  12. Berk M, Post R, Ratheesh A, Gliddon E, Singh A, Vieta E, et al. Staging in bipolar disorder: from theoretical framework to clinical utility. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):236-244. DOI: 10.1002/wps.20441. PubMed PMID: 28941093; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5608827.
  13. Altman S, Haeri S, Cohen LJ, Ten A, Barron E, Galynker II, et al. Predictors of relapse in bipolar disorder: A review. J Psychiatric Pract. 2006;12(5):269-82. DOI: 10.1097/00131746-200609000-00002. PubMed PMID: 16998415.
  14. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(9):975-83. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.975. PubMed PMID: 16143729.
  15. Dama M, Shah J, Norman R, Iyer S, Joober R, Schmitz N, et al. Short duration of untreated psychosis enhances negative symptom remission in extended early intervention service for psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140(1):65-76. DOI: 10.1111/acps.13033. PubMed PMID: 30963544.
  16. Hegelstad WTV, Larsen TK, Auestad B, Evensen J, Haahr U, Joa I, et al. Long-term follow-up of the TIPS early detection in psychosis study: effects on 10-year outcome. AJP. 2012;169(4):374-80. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030459. PubMed PMID: 22407080.
  17. Crumlish N, Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, Kamali M, Gervin M, et al. Beyond the critical period: longitudinal study of 8-year outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(1):18-24. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048942. PubMed PMID: 19118320.
  18. Colizzi M, Lasalvia A, Ruggeri M. Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care?. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14:23. DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00356-9. PubMed PMID: 32226481; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7092613.
  19. Biederman J, DiSalvo M, Fried R, Woodworth KY, Biederman I, Faraone SV. Quantifying the Protective Effects of Stimulants on Functional Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Focus on Number Needed to Treat Statistic and Sex Effects. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(6):784-789. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.015. PubMed PMID: 31350122; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6874726.
  20. Kodish I, Rockhill C, Varley C. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(4):439-52. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/ikodish. PubMed PMID: 22275849; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3263391.
  21. Halfin A. Depression: the benefits of early and appropriate treatment. Am J Manag Care. 2007;13(4 Suppl):S92-S97.
  22. Anderson KK, John-Baptiste A, MacDougall AG, Li L, Kurdyak P, Osuch EA. Access and Health System Impact of an Early Intervention Treatment Program for Emerging Adults with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2019;64(7):492-500. DOI: 10.1177/0706743718809347. PubMed PMID: 30419759; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6610567.
  23. Stutzman DL, Leiby LE, Temelie A, Maroney M, Williams AM, Parmentier BL, et al. Role of Board‐Certified Psychiatric Pharmacists in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2024;7(2):149- 159. DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1880.
  24. Barnett ER, Trepman AZ, Fuson HA, Acquilano SC, McLaren JL, Woloshin S, et al. Deprescribing psychotropic medications in children: results of a national qualitative study. Bmj Qual Saf. 2020;29(8):655-663. DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010033. PubMed PMID: 31836627.
  25. American Academy of Psychiatric Pharmacists. Psychiatric Pharmacists: Improving Access, Outcomes and Cost. Updated Periodically. https://aapp.org/psychpharm
  26. Werremeyer A, Bostwick J, Cobb C, Moore TD, Park SH, Price C, et al. Impact of pharmacists on outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders. Ment Health Clin. 2020;10(6):358-380. DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2020.11.358. PubMed PMID: 33224694; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7653731.