Issue Brief: Psychiatric Pharmacists Increase Access to Care for Children and Adolescents

References

1. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. O’Connell, T. Boat, & K. E. Warner Eds. Washington, DC: the National Academic Press, 2009.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children’s Mental Health: Improving Access to Care. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/access.html#ref
3. Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19. Jama Pediatr. 5th edth ed. 2021;175(11):1142. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482. PubMed PMID: 34369987; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8353576.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP-AACAP-CHA Declaration of a National Emergency in Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2021. https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/child-and-adolescent-healthy-mental-development/aap-aacap-cha-declaration-of-a-national-emergency-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health/
5. HHS Press Office. U.S. Surgeon General Issues Advisory on Youth Mental Health Crisis Further Exposed by COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2021/12/07/us-surgeon-general-issues-advisory-on-youth-mental-health-crisis-further-exposed-by-covid-19-pandemic.html
6. National Institute of Mental Health. Mental Health Information: Suicide. 2022. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide
7. Hoffmann JA, Attridge MM, Carroll MS, Simon N-JE, Beck AF, Alpern ER. Association of Youth Suicides and County-Level Mental Health Professional Shortage Areas in the US. Jama Pediatr. 2022;112(4). DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4419. PubMed PMID: 36409484.
8. Edbrooke-Childs J, Deighton J. Problem severity and waiting times for young people accessing mental health services. Bjpsych Open. 2020;6(6). DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.103. PubMed PMID: 33040766; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7576668.
9. American Academy of Psychiatric Pharmacists. Psychiatric Pharmacists: Imrpoving Access, Outcomes and Cost. Updated Periodically. https://aapp.org/psychpharm
10. Werremeyer A, Bostwick J, Cobb C, Moore TD, Park SH, Price C, et al. Impact of pharmacists on outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders. Ment Health Clin. 2020;10(6):358-380. DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2020.11.358. PubMed PMID: 33224694; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7653731.
11. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
12. Colizzi, M., Lasalvia, A. & Ruggeri, M. Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care?. Int J Ment Health Syst 14, 23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00356-9
13. Biederman J, DiSalvo M, Fried R, Woodworth KY, Biederman I, Faraone SV. Quantifying the Protective Effects of Stimulants on Functional Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Focus on Number Needed to Treat Statistic and Sex Effects. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(6):784- 789. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.015. PubMed PMID: 31350122; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6874726.
14. Kodish I, Rockhill C, Varley C. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(4):439- 452. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.4/ikodish. PubMed PMID: 22275849; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3263391.
15. Halfin A. Depression: the benefits of early and appropriate treatment. Am J Manag Care. 2007;13(4 Suppl):S92-S97.
16. Anderson KK, John-Baptiste A, MacDougall AG, Li L, Kurdyak P, Osuch EA. Access and Health System Impact of an Early Intervention Treatment Program for Emerging Adults with Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2019;64(7):492- 500. DOI: 10.1177/0706743718809347. PubMed PMID: 30419759; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6610567.
17. Berk M, Post R, Ratheesh A, Gliddon E, Singh A, Vieta E, et al. Staging in bipolar disorder: from theoretical framework to clinical utility. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):236- 244. DOI: 10.1002/wps.20441. PubMed PMID: 28941093; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5608827.
18. ALTMAN SUSAN, HAERI SOPHIA, COHEN LISAJ, TEN ALEKSEY, BARRON ELYSA, GALYNKER IGORI, et al. Predictors of Relapse in Bipolar Disorder: A Review. J Psychiatric Pract. 2006;12(5):269- 282. DOI: 10.1097/00131746-200609000-00002. PubMed PMID: 16998415.
19. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T. Association Between Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Outcome in Cohorts of First-Episode Patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(9):975. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.975. PubMed PMID: 16143729.
20. Dama M, Shah J, Norman R, et al. Short duration of untreated psychosis enhances negative symptom remission in extended early intervention service for psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140(1):65-76. doi:10.1111/acps.13033
21. Hegelstad WT, Larsen TK, Auestad B, et al. Long-term follow-up of the TIPS early detection in psychosis study: effects on 10-year outcome. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(4):374-380. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030459
22. Crumlish N, Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, Kamali M, Gervin M, et al. Beyond the critical period: longitudinal study of 8-year outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(1):18- 24. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048942. PubMed PMID: 19118320.
23. Barnett ER, Trepman AZ, Fuson HA, Acquilano SC, McLaren JL, Woloshin S, et al. Deprescribing psychotropic medications in children: results of a national qualitative study. Bmj Qual Saf. 2020;29(8):655-663. DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010033. PubMed PMID: 31836627.
24. Houghton R, Ong RC, Bolognani F. Psychiatric comorbidities and use of psychotropic medications in people with autism spectrum disorder in the United States. Autism Res. 2017;10(12):2037- 2047. DOI: 10.1002/aur.1848. PubMed PMID: 28963809.